11-27-2010, 01:05 PM
Quote:Actually we know that the kausia was worn by the Macedonians at least since the time of Alexander I (coins have been found depicting the kausia in these times) and according to my knowledge, the most prevalent theory by far is that the term "Yauna Takabara" is used for the Macedonians, while a single "Yauna" is used for the Greeks in Asia Minor. Of course one may doubt everything, but this is the case here.
George, can you make your points without going ad hominem? Thanks.
Bonnie M. Kingsley, "The Kausia Diadematophoros", AJA 88.1 (1984), 66-68
- The hundred-odd terracotta figurines which represent boys and youths wearing the military chlamys and krepides, many also the kausia, appeared suddently in the eastern Mediterranean at the beginning of the last quarter of the fourth century. Those excavated in Athens have been carefully dated
- No statement mentioning the kausia diadematophoros can therefore safely be taken to apply to the Macedonian kings who preceded Alexander.
She goes on and suggests the kausia was part of the new Macedonian costume with Persian and Indian elements, and kausia was adopted by Macedonians in 320s in north-western India.
This latter hypothesis was criticized by E. A. Fredricksmeyer in "Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Kausia", TAPA 116 (1986): 215-227. Let's see the part about archaeological evidence:
- Next, is it in fact true that there is no compelling evidence for the Macedonian kausia before Alexander? The archaeological evidence, it must be acknowledged, seems inconclusive. There is very little of it, and what there is does not allow a sure distinction between kausia, the Greek petasos, and yet other varieties of cap. But we should beware of making an argument from silence. The paucity of the evidence may be attributable to the fact that before the Hellenistic age things Macedonian did not attract much attention in the Greek world.
Hmm, so even if we say archaeology and iconographic interpretation is not good enough, we still don't have evidence before late 4th century. Moreover, when browsing literary accounts, the oldest mention is about Memnon of Rhodes, a Persian mercenary commander of Greek origin wearing the kausia around 336/5 BC.
Chryssoula Saatsoglou-Paliadeli in "Aspects of Ancient Macedonian Costume" in JHS 113 (1993), 122-147 discusses the iconographic evidence for kausia at large, and while she also argues against Kingsley's theory, she finds the earliest iconographic depictions in the late 4th century, also pointing out that some earlier so-called kausia representations are in fact showing other types of cap such as petasos. She also points to a ~500 BC graffito (having a line ending in KAUSI) from Crimea(!!) allegedly referring to this type of cap, with no interpretation or proof at all.
More about kausia: http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2008/janssen/janssen.pdf
- Sieht man von den unterschiedlich interpretierbaren Darstellungen auf den Grabreliefs der Achämenidenkönige, dem Graffito auf einer Schale aus Berezen (um 500 v.Chr.) und einen vielleicht zu einem Choregen-Monument gehörenden Relief der Zeit um 340 v.Chr. aus Athen, das komische Tänzer, die einen Stock und eine kleine dosenförmige Mütze tragen und versuchsweise als tanzende makedonische Soldaten mit Speer und Kausia gedeutet worden sind, ab, ist die Kausia mit Hilfe des archäologischen Materials erst seit etwa dem letzten Drittel des 4. Jahrhunderts v.Chr. nachweisbar. In der literarischen Überlieferung wird sie erstmals für ein Ereignis des Jahres 336/5 v.Chr. erwähnt.
So we have Persian reliefs (which we don't know they refer to Macedonians or to this type of cap, they are about various 'yauna'-s), a graffito in Crimea (which we don't know it refers to Macedonians or to this type of cap) and Greek and Macedonian evidence from the second half of the 4th century and later.
As for 'yauna'-s, Die Yaun? takabar? tragen keinen Petasos: http://www.achemenet.com/actualites/25% ... skript.pdf . Robert Rollinger has also a chapter in Blackwell's Companion to the Classical Greek World about the contact between Greeks and non-Greeks. The detailed discussion about 'yauna' and 'yauna takabara' suggests several interpretations, none related to Macedonians.
I'm adding one more reference, a study by Christopher Tuplin: http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books ... -11-tuplin . While not specifically about ancient headdresses or 'yauna'-s, it's a good read and it's also about Persian iconography. However, "the most prevalent theory", as you put it, is about "the petasos-hat that current orthodoxy takes to be reference of takabara and its Akkadian translation".
Drago?
