Franks, Goths and Other Germanics

[Flavivs Aetivs]

I thought that the stirrups only reached Europe with the Avars. Is there any new evidence of earlier stirrups?

Also, by late Roman times, the Sarmatians proper are associated with the Hungarian basin, and the Alans and Goths with the Pontic-Danubian region. The Huns would displace many of all these peoples.

I thought that the Cimbri and Teutones came from what's now northern Jutland, and the Goths from what's now northern Poland. The displaced Cimbri and Teutones came into contact with the Romans in the late 2nd century B.C.E. and whatever crises sent them south came somewhat earlier.

You're right about the Cimbri and Teutones, they went back to northern Jutland after Marius defeated them too.

It's believed the Stirrup was introduced to the Roman army by copying it from hunnic Foederati in the early 5th century. It's believed these stirrups were leather. I don't know the source on that, don't have access ot it right now.