Weapon/Armor Effectiveness

[Cerco 21]

So there has been a demonstration that revealed that a one handed stab with a gladius or spear could pierce lorica hamata? Could you provide more details.

Nobody except Williams has bothered to try and use mail that was representative of that worn at the time. He concluded that the minimum amount of energy required to compromise his samples was 120J for a spike (e.g. bodkin arrow) and 200J for other blades (e.g. spear head). He also cited from Horsfall who concluded that the maximum amount of energy that a person can deliver with a one-handed thrust is 115 J. So based on the best evidence we currently have, you can't thrust through properly-made riveted mail with a one-handed spear or gladius. You'd need a pilum or a two-handed pole arm to have much chance.

Did he mentioned, besides energy, momentum, pressure or other variable.

Because energy alone tells us only part.