Late Roman Emperors

[Robert Vermaat]

Theodosius was the first emperor who de facto submitted to the (at the time only moral) suzeranity of the Christian church.

Magnus Maximus accepted a similar humiliation several years before: Sulpicius Severus, Life of Saint Martin 20.4-7.

Did he? Maybe it was a sign of the times.. But I think that Theodosius went a lot further in his deference to Ambrose (who was not even the bishop of Rome).

Magnus Maximus was the first emperor (well, usurper, a small techniclity :mrgreen: ) who executed the Priscillianist Christians (in 385?) on the grounds of heresy (well, the sentence was witchcraft, a technicalty) despite the protestations ot St Martin of Tours. Martin did manage to stop an order from Maximus to his commanders to root out the heresy, but surely not on the grounds of the supremacy of the church over the state.
I've read Severus' account (printed below), but his words don't seem to indicate that Martin had any real power over Maximus, just influence?
Maximus in 387 or 388 punished Christians for burning down a synagoge in Rome (despite St. Ambrose' protestations).
So how did defer Maximus to the wishes of the Catholic church?

Sulpicius Severus, Life of Saint Martin XX.1-7
1. And here to insert some smaller matters among things so great (although such is the nature of our times in which all things have fallen into decay and corruption, it is almost a pre-eminent virtue for priestly firmness not to have yielded to royal flattery), when a number of bishops from various parts had assembled to the Emperor Maximus, a man of fierce character, and at that time elated with the victory he had won in the civil wars, and when the disgraceful flattery of all around the emperor was generally remarked, while the priestly dignity had, with degenerate submissiveness, taken a second place to the royal retinue, in Martin alone, apostolic authority continued to assert itself.
2. For even if he had to make suit to the sovereign for some things, he commanded rather than entreated him; and although often invited, he kept away from his entertainments, saying that he could not take a place at the table of one who, out of two emperors, had deprived one of his kingdom, and the other of his life.
3. At last, when Maximus maintained that he had not of his own accord assumed the sovereignty, but that he had simply defended by arms the necessary requirements of the empire, regard to which had been imposed upon him by the soldiers, according to the Divine appointment, and that the favor of God did not seem wanting to him who, by an event seemingly so incredible, had secured the victory, adding to that the statement that none of his adversaries had been slain except in the open field of battle, at length, Martin, overcome either by his reasoning or his entreaties, came to the royal banquet.
4. The king was wonderfully pleased because he had gained this point.
5. Moreover, there were guests present who had been invited as if to a festival; men of the highest and most illustrious rank—the prefect, who was also consul, named Evodius, one of the most righteous men that ever lived; two courtiers possessed of the greatest power, the brother and uncle of the king, while between these two, the presbyter of Martin had taken his place; but he himself occupied a seat which was set quite close to the king.
6. About the middle of the banquet, according to custom, one of the servants presented a goblet to the king.
7. He orders it rather to be given to the very holy bishop, expecting and hoping that he should then receive the cup from his right hand.
8. But Martin, when he had drunk, handed the goblet to his own presbyter, as thinking no one worthier to drink next to himself, and holding that it would not be right for him to prefer either the king himself, or those who were next the king, to the presbyter.
9. And the emperor, as well as all those who were then present, admired this conduct so much, that this very thing, by which they had been undervalued, gave them pleasure.
10. The report then ran through the whole palace that Martin had done, at the king's dinner, what no bishop had dared to do at the banquets of the lowest judges.